Keywords
Knee prosthesis
Arthroplasty
Osteoarthritis
How to Cite
Abstract
Objective: Accurate morphometric data of the femoral condyles are critical for optimising the design of knee joint implants. This study analysed distal femur morphometry to address existing demographic knowledge gaps.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 65 adult cadaveric femur specimens. All measurements of the lower end of the femur were taken using a Digital Vernier Caliper. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24, with t-tests comparing the right and left femurs.
Results: The mean bicondylar width was 78.27 mm for the right femur and 77.13 mm for the left femur (P=0.34; 95% CI -1.24, 3.52). The mean medial condylar anteroposterior distance was 56.48 mm for the right femur and 57.25 mm for the left femur (P= 0.49; 95% CI - 2.99,1.45). The lateral condylar anteroposterior distance was 60.04 mm for the right femur and 59.30 mm for the left femur (P= 0.44; 95% CI - 1.20, 2.68).
Conclusion: This study provides data on the morphometry of the femoral condyles. This will facilitate the development of customised knee implants that match the unique anatomical requirements of the Pakistani population.
Keywords: knee joint, knee prosthesis, arthroplasty, osteoarthritis
References
Manjunath TH, Santhosh CS. Morphometric study of adult dry femur and its forensic importance. Int J Acad Med Pharm. 2023;5(5):1241-4. https://doi.org/10.47009/jamp.2023.5.5.245
Beckers L, Müller JH, Daxhelet J, Saffarini M, Aït‐Si‐Selmi T, Bonnin MP. Sexual dimorphism and racial diversity render bone–implant mismatch inevitable after off‐the‐shelf total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta‐analysis Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022 Mar;30(3):809-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-021-06447-5
Gupta M, Devadas D, Sahni C, Nayak A, Tiwari PK, Mishra A. Morphometric analysis of the proximal femur with its clinical correlation in Eastern Uttar Pradesh Region. Cureus. 2022 Sep;14(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28780
Geng R, Li J, Yu C, Zhang C, Chen F, Chen J, et al. Knee osteoarthritis: Current status and research progress in treatment. Exp Ther Med. 2023 Oct 1;26(4):1-1. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.12180
Zhang AR, Cheng QH, Yang YZ, Yang X, Zhang ZZ, Guo HZ. Meta-analysis of outcomes after total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Asian J Surg. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):43-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.09.015
Ahuja K, Shaikh A, Lalwani D, Desai MM. CT Morphometric Analysis of the Medial Femoral Condyle in an Indian Population: A Comparative Study of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Implants. Cureus. 2024 Sep 29;16(9): e70454. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70454
Amin TK, Patel I, Patel MJ, Kazi MM, Kachhad K, Modi DR. Evaluation of results of Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of fracture of distal end of femur with intra-articular extension. Malays Orthop J. 2021 Nov;15(3):78. https://doi.org/10.5704/MOJ.2111.012
Leung F, Fang CX, Yung CS, Leung FK. Determination of the ideal plate for medial femoral condyle fracture fixation: an anatomical fit and biomechanical study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024 Apr 16;25(1):296. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-024-07374-5
Sahin ZA, Ertem AD, Ibis EC, Diril SK, Karadeniz H. Distal Femoral Dimensions in Turkish Population and Their Implications in Knee Prosthesis. Cureus. 2024 Dec 14;16(12). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75721
Kaur S, Kaur H, Agnihotri G. Estimation of Total Length of the Femur from its Distal Segmental Measurements in Adult Population: A Morphometric Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024 Jul 1;16(Suppl 3):S2336-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_195_24
Kiskira C, Eliopoulos C, Vanna V, Manolis SK. Biometric sex assessment from the femur and tibia in a modern Greek population. Legal medicine. 2022 Nov 1;59:102126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102126
Phombut C, Rooppakhun S, Sindhupakorn B. Morphometric analysis and three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction of Thai distal femur. Applied Sciences. 2021 Jan 25;11(3):1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031052
Wang B, Zhang G, Pu R, Li Q, Wang Y. Clinical significance of distal femur morphology in a healthy Mongolian youth population. Scientific Reports. 2023 May 20;13(1):8187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35463-3
Liu DW, Martinez Martos S, Dai Y, Beller EM. The femoral intercondylar notch is an accurate landmark for the resection depth of the distal femur in total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2022 Jul 7;34(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43019-022-00159-x
Bhaskar R, Kumar N, Kumari K. Anthropometric evaluation of the distal end of the femur in the South Indian population with its clinical implications. Journal of Medical Society. 2024 Jan 1;38(1):69-73. https://doi.org/10.4103/jms.jms_86_23
Janani SV, Ramachandran K. A Morphometric Study of the Adult Distal Femur in the South Indian Population. Cureus. 2024 Sep 12;16(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.69289
Bhimalli SM, Bedi AS, Malik M, Chandgadkar V, Pattanshetti SV, Dixit D. Morphometric Analysis of the Proximal and Distal Ends of Adult Dry Femur Bone: A Cross Sectional Study in the Population of North Karnataka, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2025 Jun 1;19(6):1. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2025/78200.21044
Singh J, Chauhan S, Saxena D, Vijayvergiya R. A Descriptive Study of Morphometric Data of Femoral Condyles by Direct Method to Determine Difference on Right & Left Side in Rajasthan Region. Int J Med Biomed Stud.;5(3). https://doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v5i3.1787
Babacan S, Deniz M. Femur morphometry and correlation between proximal and distal parts. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2022;47(1):50-61. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.994863
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syeda Shabeeh Rubab, Warisha Iftikhar, Saira Aslam, Shazia Tufail , Muhammad Ahmad Raza, Muhammad Rayan Akhtar